Anticaries potential of a fluoride foam

Abstract Foam has been used worldwide as a vehicle for the professional application of fluoride and hypothetically should have the same anticaries potential as conventional fluoride gel (F-gel) in terms of the formation of reaction products with enamel. Thus, the ability of Flúor Care® foam (FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil, 12,300 ppm F, acidulated) to react with enamel was evaluated in comparison with Flúor gel® (DFL, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 12,300 ppm F, acidulated). Slabs (n=10/group) of sound enamel and with caries lesion were used, in which the concentrations of total fluoride (TF), and loosely (CaF2-like) and firmly (FAp) bound types were determined. The importance of agitation during application was previously tested. The determinations were made with fluoride ion-specific electrode and the results were expressed in μg F/cm² of the treated enamel area. ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to analyze the difference among treatments, independently for sound and carious enamel. The agitation of the products during application significantly increased the reactivity of the foam (p<0.05), but not that of the gel (p>0.05). The foam did not differ from F-gel (p>0.05) concerning the formation of TF and CaF2-like in sound or carious enamel. Regarding FAp, the foam did not differ from F-gel (p>0.05) in the carious enamel, but the concentration in the sound was lower (p<0.05). The results show that this commercial fluoride foam tested needs to be agitated during application to improve its reactivity with enamel, which raises a question about other brands.

Resumo A espuma tem sido utilizada mundialmente como veículo para aplicação profissional de fluoreto e hipoteticamente deveria ter o mesmo potencial anticárie que o gel fluoretado convencional (F-gel) em termos de formação de produtos de reação com o esmalte. Assim, a capacidade da espuma Flúor Care® (FGM, Joinville, SC, Brasil, 12.300 ppm F, acidulada) de reagir com o esmalte foi avaliada em comparação com o Flúor gel® (DFL, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 12.300 ppm F, acidulado). Foram utilizados blocos (n=10/grupo) de esmalte hígido e com lesão de cárie, nos quais foram determinadas as concentrações de flúor total (FT), e os tipos de flúor fracamente (tipo-CaF2) e firmemente (FAp) ligados ao esmalte. A importância da agitação durante a aplicação foi previamente testada. As determinações foram feitas com eletrodo íon específico para fluoreto e os resultados foram expressos em μg F/cm² da área tratada do esmalte. A diferença entre os tratamentos foi analisada por ANOVA e Tukey (α=5%), independentemente para esmalte hígido e cariado. A agitação dos produtos durante a aplicação aumentou significativamente a reatividade da espuma (p<0,05), mas não a do gel (p>0,05). A espuma não diferiu do F-gel (p>0,05) quanto à formação de FT e tipo-CaF2 no esmalte hígido ou cariado. Em relação à FAp, a espuma não diferiu do F-gel (p>0,05) no esmalte cariado, mas a concentração no hígido foi menor (p<0,05). Os resultados mostram que esta espuma fluoretada comercial testada precisa ser agitada durante a aplicação para melhorar sua reatividade com o esmalte, o que levanta questão sobre outras marcas.

Comparison in Demineralization Resistance of Resin Infiltration and 1.23% Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride in Bovine Teeth / 대한소아치과학회지

The aim of this study is to compare the differences of the demineralization resistance of resin infiltration and 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride in bovine teeth with artificial caries. We applied 1.23% Acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel and Icon® caries infiltrant on the artificial bovine enamel carious lesion and then demineralized all samples. The depth of demineralization was measured by using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) and observed the roughness and irregularity of the enamel was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).In this experiment with demineralization resistance on smooth artificial carious lesion, less depth of demineralization, roughness, and irregularity of enamel was observed in APF gel and Icon® group than in the control group. There was no significant difference between the depth of demineralization of 1.23% APF gel and Icon® caries infiltrant group. However, resin infiltration is beneficial as less roughness and irregularity was observed on the enamel surface than when 1.23% APF gel is applied.

Clinical Effectiveness of Two Commercial Fluoride Varnish Formulations on the Control of White Spot Lesion in Primary Teeth: A Pilot Study

To evaluate the in vivo clinical effectiveness of two commercial fluoride varnish formulations.Material and Methods:The sample consisted of seven children aged 2-5 years for a total of 24 active white spot lesions (WSL) in primary teeth. Children were randomly divided into two groups in accordance with the varnish used: G1 -Duraphat® -DR (n = 14 WSL); and G2 -Duofluorid XII® -DF (n = 10 WSL). Children were submitted to treatment with varnishes applied once a week for four consecutive weeks. Maximum mesiodistal and incisogengival dimensions were measured with a periodontal probe at the beginning of treatment and on the fifth week of treatment. The average between the two dimensions represented the value of the WSL dimension. The comparison of the mean final values of WSL dimensions between groups of fluoride varnishes tested was analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results:After five weeks, most WSL were ranked as inactive (G1 = 71.4% and G2 = 40%). No significant difference between G1 and G2 in relation to lesion activity was observed (p = 0.124). There was a significant decrease of 24% between initial (3.12 mm ± 1.49 mm) and final WSL dimension (2.35 mm ± 1.06 mm) (p = 0.012) in G1. In G2, there was a significant reduction of 40% in lesion dimension with initial value of 5.7 mm (± 3.82 mm) and final value of 3.4 mm (± 3.35 mm) (p = 0.013). Regarding the reduction in the WSL dimension, no significant difference between groups was observed (p = 0.931). Conclusion:Both fluoride varnish formulations tested had similar effect on the control of active white spot lesions in primary teeth...

Color stability of esthetic restorative material after topical fluoride application

AIM: Present study was conducted to compare the effect of topical fluoride agents on color change of three aesthetic restorative materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Restorative material used were Ketac Fill type II (GIC), Filtek Z350(Composite) and Beuttifull II (Giomer). Topical Fluorides used were Pascal (1.23% APF gel) and Fluoride Varnish (Bifluoride). 24 samples of each restorative material were prepared, which were divided into 8 each, among three groups. Treatment of Group A with APF gel, Group B with Varnish was done and Group C with distilled water which was used as a control, followed by immersing of samples in artificial saliva for 48 hr. Samples were then subjected to colorimetric analysis. Data collected was statistically analysed using one way ANOVA and Tukys Post Hoc Test. RESULTS: GIC showed statistically significant change in color in both APF and Varnish group compared to composite and Giomer after 48 hr. CONCLUSION: Present study concludes that Topical fluoride agents have detrimental effect on color of aesthetic restorative materials. Giomer was least effected out of the three restorative materials and this can be used as alternative to other restorative material.

Efeito de vernizes fluoretados suplementados com trimetafosfato de sódio na desmineralização e remineralização do esmalte bovino: estudos in vitro e in situ / Effect of fluoride varnishes supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate on the demineralization and reminieralization of bovine tooth enamel: in vitro and in situ studies

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de vernizes fluoretados suplementados com Trimetafosfato de Sódio (TMP) sobre a desmineralização e remineralização do esmalte dentário. Para tanto, o estudo foi dividido em 4 capítulos. Inicialmente foi avaliada a liberação de fluoreto (F) e fosfato (P) em soluções de saliva artificial (24 h) após aplicação de vernizes contendo 2,5% NaF, 5% NaF, 5% TMP, 2,5% NaF/5% TMP, 5% NaF/5% TMP, além de uma formulação placebo (sem NaF e TMP) e um verniz comercial (Duraphat), descrito no Capítulo 1. Os efeitos destes vernizes sobre a remineralização de lesões de cárie artificial, bem como sobre a desmineralização do esmalte hígido foram avaliados, respectivamente, nos Capítulos 2 e 3, em modelos de ciclagem de pH. Por fim, o potencial remineralizador dos vernizes placebo, 5% NaF e 5% NaF/5% TMP foi avaliado em um protocolo in situ (Capítulo 4). Os espécimes foram avaliados quanto a dureza de superfície (SH), porcentagem de recuperação de SH (%SHR), dureza em secção longitudinal (ΔKHN), microscopia de luz polarizada, bem como a quantidade de CaF2 e fluoreto fortemente ligado ao esmalte. Uma relação dose-resposta entre a quantidade de NaF e TMP nos vernizes e a liberação de F e P nas soluções de saliva artificial foi observada. Embora um efeito inibitório parcial na liberação de F e P tenha sido observado na presença dos dois sais, um efeito sinérgico foi observado na %SHR e ΔKHN na remineralização de lesões de cárie, bem como na redução da desmineralização (SH e ΔKHN) do esmalte hígido para vernizes contendo NaF e TMP. Em ambas as situações, o efeito protetor do verniz contendo 5% NaF/5% TMP foi significativamente maior que os demais grupos in vitro. Este padrão foi confirmado em um protocolo in situ sobre a remineralização do esmalte cariado. A formação de CaF2 e incorporação de fluoreto no esmalte foi, contraditoriamente, menor para vernizes contendo TMP em comparação aos vernizes contendo mesma concentração de F, sem...

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of fluoridated varnishes supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on enamel demineralization and remineralization. For this purpose, the study was divided into 4 chapters. First, the amount of fluoride (F) and phosphate (P) released in artificial saliva solutions (24 h) were measured after the application of varnishes containing 2.5% NaF, 5% NaF, 5% TMP, 2.5% NaF/5% TMP, 5% NaF/5% TMP, besides a PLACEBO formulation (no NaF or TMP) and a commercial formulation (Duraphat), as described in Chapter 1. The effects of these varnishes on the remineralization of caries-like lesions, as well as on the demineralization of sound enamel were assessed on Chapters 2 and 3, respectively, using pH-cycling models. Finally, the remineralizing effect of PLACEBO, 5% NaF and 5% NaF/5% TMP was evaluated using and in situ protocol (Chapter 4). Specimens were analyzed by surface hardness (SH), percentage of SH recovery (%SHR), cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN), polarized light microscopy, as well as firmly and loosely (CaF2) bound fluoride. A dose-response relationship was observed between NaF and TMP concentrations in the formulations and the amount of F and P released into artificial saliva. Although a partial inhibitory effect on F and P release was observed in the presence of the two salts, a synergistic effect was observed in %SHR and ΔKHN on the remineralization of caries-like lesions, as well as on the reduction of sound enamel demineralization (SH e ΔKHN) for varnishes containing NaF e TMP. Under both conditions, the protective effect of the 5% NaF/5% TMP varnish was significantly higher than the other groups in vitro. The same pattern was confirmed in situ on the remineralization carious enamel. Firmly and loosely bound fluoride were contradictorily lower for varnishes containing TMP when compared with their counterparts without TMP. Based on the above, it was concluded that TMP-supplemented fluoride varnishes were able...

Efeito de vernizes fluoretados suplementados com trimetafosfato de sódio na desmineralização e remineralização do esmalte bovino: estudos in vitro e in situ / Effect of fluoride varnishes supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate on the demineralization and reminieralization of bovine tooth enamel: in vitro and in situ studies

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de vernizes fluoretados suplementados com Trimetafosfato de Sódio (TMP) sobre a desmineralização e remineralização do esmalte dentário. Para tanto, o estudo foi dividido em 4 capítulos. Inicialmente foi avaliada a liberação de fluoreto (F) e fosfato (P) em soluções de saliva artificial (24 h) após aplicação de vernizes contendo 2,5% NaF, 5% NaF, 5% TMP, 2,5% NaF/5% TMP, 5% NaF/5% TMP, além de uma formulação placebo (sem NaF e TMP) e um verniz comercial (Duraphat), descrito no Capítulo 1. Os efeitos destes vernizes sobre a remineralização de lesões de cárie artificial, bem como sobre a desmineralização do esmalte hígido foram avaliados, respectivamente, nos Capítulos 2 e 3, em modelos de ciclagem de pH. Por fim, o potencial remineralizador dos vernizes placebo, 5% NaF e 5% NaF/5% TMP foi avaliado em um protocolo in situ (Capítulo 4). Os espécimes foram avaliados quanto a dureza de superfície (SH), porcentagem de recuperação de SH (%SHR), dureza em secção longitudinal (ΔKHN), microscopia de luz polarizada, bem como a quantidade de CaF2 e fluoreto fortemente ligado ao esmalte. Uma relação dose-resposta entre a quantidade de NaF e TMP nos vernizes e a liberação de F e P nas soluções de saliva artificial foi observada. Embora um efeito inibitório parcial na liberação de F e P tenha sido observado na presença dos dois sais, um efeito sinérgico foi observado na %SHR e ΔKHN na remineralização de lesões de cárie, bem como na redução da desmineralização (SH e ΔKHN) do esmalte hígido para vernizes contendo NaF e TMP. Em ambas as situações, o efeito protetor do verniz contendo 5% NaF/5% TMP foi significativamente maior que os demais grupos in vitro. Este padrão foi confirmado em um protocolo in situ sobre a remineralização do esmalte cariado. A formação de CaF2 e incorporação de fluoreto no esmalte foi, contraditoriamente, menor para vernizes contendo TMP em comparação aos vernizes contendo mesma concentração de F...

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of fluoridated varnishes supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on enamel demineralization and remineralization. For this purpose, the study was divided into 4 chapters. First, the amount of fluoride (F) and phosphate (P) released in artificial saliva solutions (24 h) were measured after the application of varnishes containing 2.5% NaF, 5% NaF, 5% TMP, 2.5% NaF/5% TMP, 5% NaF/5% TMP, besides a PLACEBO formulation (no NaF or TMP) and a commercial formulation (Duraphat), as described in Chapter 1. The effects of these varnishes on the remineralization of caries-like lesions, as well as on the demineralization of sound enamel were assessed on Chapters 2 and 3, respectively, using pH-cycling models. Finally, the remineralizing effect of PLACEBO, 5% NaF and 5% NaF/5% TMP was evaluated using and in situ protocol (Chapter 4). Specimens were analyzed by surface hardness (SH), percentage of SH recovery (%SHR), cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN), polarized light microscopy, as well as firmly and loosely (CaF2) bound fluoride. A dose-response relationship was observed between NaF and TMP concentrations in the formulations and the amount of F and P released into artificial saliva. Although a partial inhibitory effect on F and P release was observed in the presence of the two salts, a synergistic effect was observed in %SHR and ΔKHN on the remineralization of caries-like lesions, as well as on the reduction of sound enamel demineralization (SH e ΔKHN) for varnishes containing NaF e TMP. Under both conditions, the protective effect of the 5% NaF/5% TMP varnish was significantly higher than the other groups in vitro. The same pattern was confirmed in situ on the remineralization carious enamel. Firmly and loosely bound fluoride were contradictorily lower for varnishes containing TMP when compared with their counterparts without TMP. Based on the above, it was concluded that TMP-supplemented fluoride varnishes were able...

The remineralization effect of topical fluoride agents on artificial enamel caries / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the remineralization effect of the topical fluoride agents on artificial enamel caries, under the chemical pH cycling model, using surface microhardness. METHODS: Bovine enamel specimens, embedded in acrylic resin with the labial surfaces exposed, were developed artificial enamel caries. Thereafter, this study used 56 samples on VHN 25-45. The experimental groups were divided into 4 groups: control, 2% NaF solution, 1.23% APF gel, 5% NaF varnish. Samples, except in the control group, were applied to each topical fluoride agent for 4 minutes. All groups were exposed to a pH cycling model, which consisted of demineralization (4 hours) and remineralization (20 hours) for 17 days. The Vickers surface microhardness number (VHN) was measured, using the microhardness tester. The results were analyzed, using a repeated measures analysis of variance of a general linear model, and compared the baseline, each day, using a contrast analysis (simple) about within a subject factor at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Result of a repeated measures analysis regarding the surface microhardness of topical fluoride agents, there were significant differences at P-values of within and between the subject factor (P0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, although there were significant differences at P-values of within and between the subject factor, there were no significant differences between the experiment groups on chemical pH cycling model in vitro, and it was limited to utilize this result in a clinical situation of the fluoride application.

Therapeutic potential of Brazilian fluoride varnishes: an in vivo study

The aim of this study was to assess in vivo the therapeutic effect of three fluoride varnishes available in the Brazilian market on the performance of white spot lesions (WSL). The sample included 36 children aged 7 to 13 years old, with a total of 67 active WSL in permanent anterior teeth. The children were randomly divided into 3 groups, according to fluoride varnish used: FL- Fluorniz (n=24), DUO - Duofluorid XII (n=22) and DF - Durafluor (n=21). Maximum WSL dimensions (mesiodistal and incisogingival) were measured in millimeters by a previously calibrated single examiner using a periodontal probe. WSL were also assessed regarding lesion activity. Initial and final S-OHI (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index) scores were recorded. Pearson's chi-square test revealed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in the performance of the varnishes. At the end of the 5th week, FL had 6 active and 18 inactive WSL; DUO had 7 active and 15 inactive WSL; and DL had 6 active and 15 inactive WSL. Taking into account all lesions, there was a 45.7 percent reduction in WSL dimensions. Paired Student's t-test revealed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the initial size (1.88) and final size (1.02). After four applications, all varnishes obtained similar clinical results.

O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar in vivo o efeito terapêutico de 3 vernizes fluoretados disponíveis no mercado brasileiro em lesões de mancha branca (MB). A amostra foi composta de 36 crianças entre 7 e 13 anos, portadoras de 67 MB ativas em elementos dentários permanentes anteriores. As crianças foram divididas aleatoriamente em 3 grupos FL - Fluorniz (n=24), DUO - Duofluorid XII (n=22) e DF - Durafluor (n=21). A dimensão máxima da MB (mésio-distal e cérvico-incisal) foi mensurada em milímetros por um único examinador previamente calibrado através de uma sonda periodontal. Em adição, foi verificada a atividade da MB. O IHO-S (Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado) inicial e final foi registrado. O teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson mostrou não existir diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0,05) no comportamento dos vernizes estudados. No final da 5ª semana o FL apresentava 6 MB ativas e 18 inativas, DUO 7 MB ativas e 15 inativas e DF 6 MB ativas e 15 inativas. Levando em consideração o grupo total, houve uma redução de 45,7 por cento da dimensão das manchas brancas. O teste T pareado revelou uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre o tamanho inicial (1,88) e final (1,02). Após 4 aplicações, todos os vernizes apresentaram resultados clínicos semelhantes.